Dual Detection Of Dna And Latent Fingermarks - 1690 Words

DUAL DETECTION OF DNA AND LATENT FINGERMARKS FIGURE 1: IDENTIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANELLES IN A TYPICAL HUMAN CELL. TAKEN FROM CUMMINGS 2015 [2]. 2 FIGURE 2: TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER OF A HUMAN CELL. TAKEN FROM CUMMINGS 2015 [2]. 3 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. FINGERPRINTS 1.1.1. HISTORY 1.1.2. FORMATION AND DEPOSITION 1.1.3. TYPES OF PATTERNS 1.1.4. IDENTIFICATION 1.2. FINGERMARKS 1.2.1. NATURE OF DEPOSITS 1.2.2. NATURE OF SUBSTRATES 1.2.3. DETECTION TECHNIQUES POROUS SUBSTRATES NON-POROUS SUBSTRATES SEMI-POROUS SUBSTRATES 1.3. DNA 1.3.1. HISTORY Human ABO blood grouping was first introduced in the 1920’s the initial form of biological indicator to differentiate groups of individuals. Biological evidence can also be exploited to individualise and identify 1.3.2. CELL ANATOMY The cell theory proposes that all organisms are composed of cells and hence cells are the fundamental unit of all life. Human cells are typically 5 to 100 Â µm in size and therefore cannot be viewed without the use of a microscope [1]. They are, however, extremely organized, being responsible for the biochemical processes that are essential to sustain the life of an organism. Cells are compartmentalised in order to increase the efficiency of the biochemical processes as well as protect the genetic information. Such compartments are called organelles which are each bound by their own membrane and each serve a specialised function. Humans are made up of trillions of